Human Inheritance Essay

Moral difficulties are continually facing medicinal services experts, which is hard to manage as there is no right arrangement. These are otherwise called moral predicaments as they are circumstances where there is multiple decisions to settle on and none of the decisions is sure to work and can cause intricacies. A case of this would be ‘You are a patient and are too debilitated to even think about speaking for yourself. You are worried about who will settle on clinical choices for your sake, and whether your desires will be followed. You wonder, â€Å"What in the event that they differ about what I would need, or what might be best for me? ’. Another case of this would be with the monetary downturn that you will be unable to manage the cost of the assets for food and need to take care of your family however the main route in doing this is to take or allowed your family to family. These difficulties are incomprehensible on the grounds that every individual thinks contr astingly and has an alternate inclination towards it. There are moral quandaries encompassing IVF and barrenness. Barrenness is a hereditary issue that influences ladies; it isn't the woman’s shortcoming. With IVF the NHS just gives every lady one free cycle and after that she needs to subsidize it herself. A moral quandary with IVF is the conceivable wrong that is done to the barren couple or the normal youngster by the doctor. The accomplishment of IVF relies upon the quantity of incipient organisms moved to the woman’s uterus. Since the possibility of endurance of an incipient organism in IVF is little the more exchanges made the more noteworthy the possibility of the lady getting pregnant, it likewise builds the danger of various pregnancies. IVF isn't permitted by the Catholic Church since it isolates the unitive and the procreative parts of marriage. To isolate the unitive and the procreative parts of marriage is a human sin. Likewise the sperm giver submits a human sin so as to gather the sperm which is required for IVF. Albeit one human life might be made through the IVF procedure, numerous excess embryos, (unborn infants), are demolished through this procedure. Different excess unborn children are left solidified in the research centers where they were fabricated as if they were not individuals, yet essentially shopper products. They were not made in adoration through the marriage go about as God means. Numerous births likewise make peril to the wellbeing and prosperity of the kid. Untimely birth and low weight when conceived are likewise issues with this, additionally examines have been embraced spina bifida is at a higher hazard with youngsters produced using IVF. Likewise the hormones that are taken by the female so as to become pregnant are consistently in danger of having issues or variations from the norm to the unborn youngster. Aminiocentesis is another moral quandary, during the procedure if variations from the norm are discovered the mother is offered the opportunity to end her pregnancy. The moral issues encompassing amniocentesis are viewed as centring on 4 central focuses. First is the strategy of the demonstrative treatment place. Here, 2 inquiries emerge: Is the customer associated with a high-hazard pregnancy? Also, if a positive analysis is made, will the parents’ agree to a premature birth? Second is the job of the hereditary advisor, which is viewed as steady as opposed to driving. He should help the forthcoming guardians in arriving at a choice to experience amniocentesis and conceivable fetus removal that is commonly adequate. The forthcoming guardians, the third point of convergence, may confront the topic of choosing what is ordinary. The customers should likewise understand the horrible strains that are put on a marriage into which a seriously flawed kid has been conceived. The fourth point of convergence is open approach. While amniocentesis may seem to compromise a few qualities held significant in our general public, the creator views the technique as a between time arrangement making progress toward a comprehension of and capacity to treat hereditary deformities. Contraception is another moral situation as conception prevention works before pregnancy starts, and until the sperm prepares the egg there is nothing that will endure misfortune thus the issue is altogether different from the instance of fetus removal. Furthermore, since the egg and sperm would stop to exist whether preparation happens or not, they can’t be said to endure misfortune, either. Non-strict contentions about conception prevention are accordingly concerned distinctly with the privileges of the guardians and with the ramifications for those guardians and for society when all is said in done. The issue of potentially executing an individual, and of the privileges of the mother versus the privileges of the embryo, which command the subject of premature birth, don't emerge. A few people think it’s off-base as it isn't right to meddle with the normal request of the universe. Individuals in specific religions additionally consider it to be off-base in light of the way that it resembles fetus removal as some contraception procedures can work by forestalling the implantation and advancement of a treated egg. Those contradicted to such strategies say that this adds up to a premature birth, and that on the off chance that fetus removal isn't right, at that point those types of contraception should likewise not be right. http://brendakaren. wordpress. com/2009/04/15/some-good and-moral issues-concerning-ivf-methods/http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/4418247 Contraception!!! http://www. bbc. co. uk/morals/contraception/contraception_abortion. shtml

Implement Physical Activity Programmes in Clinical Practice

Question: Examine about the Implement Physical Activity Programs in Clinical Practice. Answer: Presentation: Active recuperation or physiotherapy is a respectable calling in the human services division. It very well may be characterized as the space of physical medication just as recovery strength. This sort of treatment for the most part utilizes the mechanical power and developments to remediate disabilities so that there is advancement in the patients portability, work and in personal satisfaction (OMahony Blake, 2017). The physical specialist as a calling in this manner for the most part includes the master to give a quality life to his customer chiefly by the procedures of assessment, appropriate finding, visualization and in different physical intercessions. A physical advisor doesn't just connect with himself to clinical practices however can likewise incorporate exercises of different spaces like research, counsel, training and even in organization also( Lefman Sheppard, 2014). These medications are generally done in relationship of other clinical administrations. Because of its dif fering extent of training, numerous social insurance lovers have enjoyed this as their calling for employment. The exposition will primarily depict an impression of my encounters that I have accumulated as a physiotherapist in the different areas that I have worked. This will thus assist me with looking at the different positive just as the negative parts of the calling in have confronted. This will assist me with strengthening the positive viewpoints and make a solid effort to limit the shortcoming that I have confronted while rehearsing my calling. I will predominantly utilize the ORID model of reflection which will assist me with reflecting myself in a successive way and in this manner build up my skill in the field. The First step of the ORID model as a rule incorporates the Objective area that typically causes an individual to investigate his different learning encounters like the various areas and articles that he has shrouded in his getting the hang of, perusing and watching methods in his planning stage. Inside the extent of training of the physiotherapists, I have been effective enough to build up a point by point information about the appraisal of the neuromuscular framework alongside that of the musco-skeletal framework and cardio-respiratory frameworks. My course work has helped me to set myself up in appropriately diagnosing various types of sicknesses alongside that of different issue that remain unpredictably connected with that of various physical brokenness, torment and furthermore injury. It has assisted with recapturing various kinds of encounters that have shown me the various medications that I can attempt to enable my patient to get help from the agony. My obligation in my expe rt years will fundamentally incorporate different mediation techniques which will assist with creating, keep up, restore and in this way expand work sin the individual customers which will improve their versatility. These extensions are remembered for the Bill 179 under the Regulatory Health Professions Act Statue Law Amendment Act, Ontario Government 2010. Whenever followed appropriately, this won't just guarantee legitimate assistance to mankind yet will likewise assist with forestalling any kind of lawful commitments, which may hamper my notoriety for being an expert physiotherapist when I would seek after the activity (Badia et al., 2014). I have likewise had the option to build up the fundamental capabilities which had helped me to prep myself in such a manner which will assist me with providing the best help as an expert with not many odds of committing any errors. It has instructed me that as a specialist it would be my obligation to from the outset talk with patients so I ca n acquire the right wellbeing data from the patient. When the evaluation information is gathered by me, I have to survey the information and basically investigate the discoveries with the goal that I can set up the best intercession plan for my customers. After appropriately applying my mediation, my obligation would remember the assessment of the intercession for request to guarantee that the intercession had been productive for the patient in picking up help from the torment that he is encountering. This would assist with evaluating whether any adjustment of administration is basic or not for legitimate help conveyance (Walkeden Walker, 2015). While playing out the referenced advances, I need to ensure likewise that I become an effective communicator so I can pay significance to tolerant fulfillment. I have to appropriately create and keep up a compatibility with the patient by building a relationship dependent on trust and moral and good temperances. I have to ensure that the patient offer data appropriately with the goal that I can give the best assistance. So as to accomplish this it is significant for me to set up a verbal and furthermore a non verbal correspondence medium where the patient would not exclusively be agreeable however would likewise have the option to participate in the most ideal manner. The more the patient commitment in the treatments, the more the physiotherapist would be certain that his mediations will draw out the best outcomes. I would likewise need to assume the job of an effective teammate in the medicinal services area where I will be put. Since physiotherapy regularly happens in relationship with numerous different intercessions in a human services setting, I would likewise need to build up and keep up appropriate proficient connections. This would be finished by appropriate anticipation; administrations and goals of contentions if the emerge in the medicinal services part (Johnston Beales, 2016). I was likewise arranged in the most ideal manner by my guides with the goal that I can likewise play out the duty of a director on the off chance that I get put in the organization area of a physiotherapy office. My fundamental duty is oversee singular practices simultaneously of regulating the distinctive included staff. I would likewise guarantee that each individual practice safe a just as successful physiotherapy to their customers. As dependable physiotherapists, my obligation would likewise be a legitimate backer in advancing human services among people, populaces and furthermore networks. My tutors have prompted us that I should never stale myself in learning strategies. I ought to continually mirror my practices so I can pick up bits of knowledge into my qualities and shortcoming and in like manner adjust myself for guaranteeing my skill in the field. I would lean toward social event of information all through my residency of training as I accept that nobody can ever turn out to be so figured out how to quit increasing new information. I ought to incline toward proof based methodology in my practices so that in can guarantee that the most present day strategies are adjusted by me. Besides as an expert, I ought to keep up the principles that my calling requests both in legitimate and moral areas simultaneously of regarding people and by contributing the best for the improvement of physiotherapy in my calling (Synnot et al., 2015). All the significant systems and the extensions that I have concentrated in my course years will assist me with being an effective physiotherapist. This calling is surely significant in the current society. This is on the grounds that the cutting edge time has various scatters like cystic fibrosis, joint inflammation and others, which must be treated by legitimate techniques for physiotherapy as it were. By effectively considering the subject of physiotherapy, both the general public just as I would receive rewards as both of ou r points principally lie in the government assistance of the country. The following stage of the intelligent piece would for the most part include the various sorts of encounters that I have experienced during my course years. This had helped me to pick up certainty, as my educator had been amazingly content with my work. In such manner, I might want to depict two significant encounters that had caused me to feel predictable about my insight. Our educator, so as to test our basic reasoning ability had given us contextual analyses so as to perceive how we would charge in our future on the off chance that we take up the calling. He gave us a case like that of a patient named Sally who went to a facility with grumblings of torment in the correct lower arm. She likewise griped of issues in playing out her obligations. By saying so the teacher asked us our obligation that would be as a physiotherapist. In spite of the fact that she had whined in her lower arm, I attempted to dissect every detail of her with the goal that I can locate the primary source. Aft er basic examination, something fascinating came to be light. I attempted to relate my insight with the patients side effects and comprehended that she was experiencing neural pressure. My teacher was intrigued of my basically breaking down capacity, which thusly helped me to pick up certainty. While I was exhorted by the teacher to give right treatment strategies to her, I attempted to apply my both hypothetical just as down to earth aptitudes and information. I arranged intercession, which included muscle fortifying, muscle extending, upper back reinforcing, and neural skimming too. Such great words from the educator helped my certainty and made me increasingly excited for taking up the calling of physiotherapy. My teacher additionally expressed that I had followed each progression that I have to follow while going to a patient. This reaction from my educator helped me to be also committing to each patient and never underestimate any of their issues. I had applied all extents of t raining in my speculative treatment plan. These measures were checked by my educator and valued my commitment in my calling. I was energized by such sort of difficulties that I looked for the situation where I needed to build up a basic reasoning capacity. I need to give my adoration to the calling to help mankind and when this goes with intriguing difficulties, there would be no extension for weariness. I generally favor such testing calling. Besides this calling is additionally very much regarded in the general public for the help that it gives to upset individuals in torment. In this way accepting such legitimate calling as my profession would be a fantasy satisfaction. The following stage of the reflection would essentially cover the different psychological learning encounters tha

How to Manage Someone Who Thinks Everything is Urgent

How to Manage Someone Who Thinks Everything is Urgent It’s a nice  Thursday  morning, you have all your tasks for the day planned out. You are confident that by early afternoon, you will have completed all the tasks due this week and  you can now start working on the client report that is due next week.All of a sudden, a chime goes off on your computer, notifying you of a new email.You check the email and the “NEED ASAP” on the email’s subject line makes your heart sink. Goodbye to the thought of getting started on the client report early.What makes your heart sink is not the fact that something is needed urgently.After all, you are a professional and you know that sometimes, things do come up that need to be dealt with urgently, and you have no problem helping in such situations.However, this is not one of those situations.You are sure of this because of where the email came from. You know the habits of the sender of this particular email.All his emails convey a sense of urgency, and you know your whole day will be spent trying to deal with matters that are not really as pressing as they are made to appear, even when you had more important tasks to deal with.We have all  been in situations where someone thinks everything is urgent and should be given utmost priority.This person could be a boss or a colleague, it doesn’t really matter. The point is that they think that everything is an emergency that, if not handled right away, will result in an unimaginable crisis.They move too fast and have a deep need to get everything resolved. In the process, they make things pretty hard and stressful for others and often leave a mess behind them.What makes the situation even more difficult is that these kinds of people are usually very productive and are some of the most committed employees you will find, and will have probably even been praised for this behavior in the past.This makes it extremely difficult for them to see the impact of their behavior on their colleagues, teams, and the entire organization.THE DAN GERS OF CONSTANT URGENCYTreating everything like an emergency has a number of disadvantages. These include:Increased Risk  of  MistakesWhen someone comes to you out of the blue with a task that needs to be completed ‘yesterday’, they put you in a state of pressure.Not only do you need to get the work done in a rush, you will probably be feeling angry as well (because the urgent task disrupted your schedule). This puts you in a state of hyper-arousal.In this state, your ability to think clearly, thoroughly and imaginatively, as well as your attention to detail is compromised, which  increases your chances of making mistakes.In a bid to get things done in a rush, people who treat everything as an urgency are also less likely to consider every bit of information and the impacts of their decisions, which increases the risk of making a mess of situations.The Fire Drill is Worse Than  the  FireIn most cases, the sudden and seemingly urgent tasks that are unexpectedly dropped on your l aps (also known as fire drills) are not really important or urgent.There wouldn’t really be any crisis if they waited for a bit. However, when these tasks get dropped on an employee’s laps, especially by someone who is superior to them, the employee has to drop everything they  were doing and focus on the new  issue that has been made to seem urgent.Surprisingly, many people do not think about the impact of the other tasks that get derailed as employees respond to the fire drill. In many cases, the impact of the dropped work is usually bigger than that of the seemingly urgent work.To make this easier to understand, let’s imagine a senior executive who calls a dozen mid-level managers to a meeting because of a  minor issue.In trying to resolve this small issue, which could have been solved without calling for a meeting, several man hours as well as other opportunities end up being lost, whose cost is certainly more than the cost of the minor issue being treated as an  emergency .In this case, the fire drill ends up being worse than the fire itself.Negatively Affects Morale  and  ProductivityWhen someone thinks everything is urgent and requires everyone to drop what they are doing to put out these fires, this negatively impacts the  mood and morale  of the rest of the team.Having to constantly deal with unexpected issues leads to an adrenaline rush and puts people in a state of stress.They start resenting the person who constantly comes up  with  fire drills. Their ability to properly plan their day is affected since they know interruptions might come in any minute.This ultimately affects the morale of the rest of the team and leads to decreased  productivity.Important Tasks End Up Being IgnoredThere is  an Aesop’s fable about a boy who cried wolf when there was none just to amuse himself.Later, when a wolf actually appeared, his cries for help went unheeded because the villagers thought he was trying to fool them, and some of his flock got eaten by the w olf. The same happens when someone constantly treats every little thing as urgent.When everything gets labelled urgent, people eventually conclude that nothing is urgent. When an urgent situation actually comes up, other employees will not treat it with the urgency it requires because they will take it as part of the usual attention gimmicks.Seeing some of the negative consequences of unaddressed urgency, it is important to take some steps to mitigate the damage of this urgency. Below are some tips on how to deal with someone who thinks everything is urgent.HELP THEM REALIZE THE IMPACT OF THEIR BEHAVIOR ON OTHERSPeople who think everything is urgent are often very self-centered. Their tendency to treat everything as urgent very often comes from a position of wanting to ensure that all their tasks are completed on time. In doing this, they put their tasks and needs over those of others.They  want  others to deal with issues and tasks that are important to them while forgetting that t hese people also have their own important tasks and issues that they need to deal with. This can lead to the typically urgent person being regarded by other employees as a selfish person and a poor team player, though they might not know it.The key, therefore, is to help the person realize how is behavior is affecting the rest of the team and to place more emphasis on collaboration and the  success of the team  rather than individual accomplishment.HELP THEM TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN THE IMPORTANT AND THE URGENTVery often, many of the tasks that are passed off as urgent are usually not important, yet important things get dropped to create time to focus on the urgent but unimportant. To avoid this, you should train the person to distinguish between what is important and what is urgent. A good way to do this is to introduce the person to the Eisenhower Matrix. Also referred to as an Urgent-Important Matrix, the Eisenhower Matrix is an important tool that helps people to prioritize tasks based on their urgency and importance. The Eisenhower Matrix is divided into four quadrants classify tasks as ‘urgent and important’, ‘important but not urgent’, ‘urgent but unimportant’, and ‘unimportant and not urgent’.In the matrix, urgent tasks are those that require immediate attention, those that need to be done as soon as possible.Important tasks, on the other hand, are tasks that contribute to the achievement of our long term  goals, values  and objectives. The Eisenhower Matrix looks as shown below. Encourage the person who tends to think everything is urgent to place all their tasks in the Eisenhower Matrix.URGENT / IMPORTANTNOT URGENT / IMPORTANTURGENT / NOT IMPORTANTNOT URGENT / NOT IMPORTANTIn the first quadrant, the person should place any tasks that  are both urgent and important. They need to be done immediately and they contribute to the achievement of the organizations long term goals and objectives. Failure to deal with these tasks immediately can lead to significant negative impacts on the organization.The tasks in this quadrant should be given top priority, that is, they should be done as soon as possible. Examples of activities that might fall in this quadrant include things like looming deadlines, crises, certain emails (those that cannot wait), problems, last minute demands,  projects  from quadrant two that were postponed, and so on.The good thing is that, with some good planning, most of the activities that fall in this quadrant can be eliminated.In the second quadrant, the person should place any tasks that are important but don’t have to be done right away. They don’t have a pressing deadline and will not lead to any negative impacts on the organization if they wait for a little bit. If the tasks fall in this  quadrant, the person should schedule a time to get them done instead of trying to pass them off as urgent.Examples of tasks and activities that might fall in this quadrant include  long term planning, worki ng towards long term goals,  building customer relationships,  researching a new competitor, and so on.The third quadrant should contain tasks and activities that require immediate attention, but they do not have any significant contribution to the achievement of long term goals and objectives. In most cases, these tasks can be done by anyone, so the best course of action is to delegate them to someone who is not very busy at the moment.Very often, tasks that fall in this quadrant are usually interruptions from other people. Examples of tasks and activities that might fall in this quadrant include some phone calls, emails  and meetings,  minor demands from other people, and so on.The person should minimize the amount of time you spend on activities in this quadrant, and if possible, delegate, automate or decline them.Finally, any other activities that do not require immediate attention and that do not contribute to the achievement of long term goals and objectives in any way should be placed in the fourth quadrant. These activities are distractions and time wasters.  The person  should try as much as possible to avoid them or schedule them for later when  they  are not pressed for time.Examples of activities that should be placed in this quadrant include social media and web browsing,  analysis paralysis, unnecessary coffee breaks, gossiping with coworkers, and any other activities that  people  use to procrastinate or waste time.By encouraging a person who things everything is urgent to use the Eisenhower Matrix, they will get better at prioritizing their tasks and are more likely to stop treating everything as urgent.COACH THEM TO SEPARATE WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE FROM THE SENSE OF URGENCYVery often, people and even entire businesses and organizations operate from a sense of false urgency. In other words, there is no actual reason behind the urgency. Instead, the sense of urgency is a manifestation of other underlying factors such as  anxiety  or a need to expr ess power.For instance, a supervisor might assign a task to an employee on Thursday and ask them to have it done by Friday, not because the supervisor needs the task done by Friday, but because giving such a deadline makes them feel that they have power over the employee.A few year back, I used to work for a company that sold  stationery and other office supplies. The company had this policy where, if one of the regular customers called to say that they were out  of  printing paper, the paper had to be delivered to the customer within two hours.The problem was that this policy was very inefficient. An employee might have been on their desk busy working on something, only to be told to go deliver printing paper across town. Of course, this was taking a huge toll on people’s productivity.After hiring a new guy to head the customer service department, the new guy changed the game forever. The new guy told the customer service agents that when a customer called to say they were out of paper, the agents were to first find out how soon the customer needed the  paper.By making this simple change, it was discovered that majority of customers were not really in a rush and could wait for the paper to be delivered on the regular delivery schedule.In other words, the company had placed  on  itself a false sense  of urgency that led to inefficient use of employees’ time, low productivity and increased delivery costs.To avoid a situation like the one I shared above, you should coach your team to separate what needs to be done from the sense of urgency. Just because paper needed to be delivered didn’t mean it had to be delivered immediately.If something needs to be done, before placing an ‘URGENT’ stamp on it, encourage them to first find out how soon the task needs to be completed and the purpose for getting the task done. Once they start doing that, they will soon realize that current tasks do not have to be dropped for a certain, unexpected task, that there is n o harm in having the new task wait for a little bit.ENCOURAGE THEM TO CONSIDER THE CONSEQUENCES OF THEIR ACTIONSVery often, people who treat everything as urgent have good intentions, but like the popular saying goes, the road to hell is paved with good intentions.  Such people are often afraid of the consequences of inaction. This makes them focus solely on the pros of acting quickly with the aim of avoiding the negative consequences of inaction.Unfortunately, they don’t take the time to  consider  that acting too quickly might also lead to negative consequences.People who treat everything as urgent usually don’t have the luxury of time. Because of this, they make decisions in a hurry, without first considering all the information that might be required to make a good decision.Making decision in a rush also narrows a person’s options prematurely.Very often, the combination of these two factors (lack of consideration for all available information and prematurely narrowed optio ns) lead  to poor decisions that have negative consequences.To avoid this, you should encourage a person who tends to consider everything as urgent to think through all the possible consequences of their actions. If possible, make them take responsibility for any impacts resulting from their rash decisions and actions.Doing so will help them understand the impact of moving too fast and encourage them to put more considerations into their decisions and actions.PAIR THEM WITH COLLEAGUES WHO PLAN FOR THE LONG TERMPeople who tend to think everything is urgent are usually more concerned with immediate outcomes while forgetting the long term impacts of their decisions and actions.For instance, a sales agent who thinks the company needs to get new clients urgently might give  too many concessions in a bid to win a client.While this might lead to more sales, the value of each client might be quite  low, and the multiple concessions might result in the company doing too much  to keep the cli ent.A more long-term oriented sales agent, on the other hand, might draw out a negotiation with a client with the aim of getting the highest possible value from the client.Such a sales agent might close few but very lucrative  clients.If you realize that one of your team members has the tendency to treat everything as urgent, it might be wise to pair them with a colleague who is more long-term oriented.By doing this, you can take advantage of their speed and intensity while at the same time teaching them the importance of being patient and having a more deliberate and thoughtful approach.TRAIN THEM TO MANAGE EXPECTATIONSVery often, a sense of urgency usually results from poorly managed expectations.  For example, let’s say you, as a manager, go to one of the supervisors below you with an assignment that needs to be done. You ask them to have it ready in two days.Unfortunately, they are working on some other tasks that would make it really hard for them to have the new assignment r eady within two days.However, instead of letting you know that they are really swamped and cannot possibly deliver the work in two days, they accept the work and delegate it to  someone else in  their team (who also  has  other tasks) with a great sense of urgency.In this case, the sense of urgency is a direct result of poorly managed expectations. Most likely, you have no problem with waiting an extra day or two to get the work done, but the supervisor did not request for the extra time.To avoid this, you should train your team how to manage expectations. If they think there is not enough time for something, or if a new assignment keeps them from meeting another priority, they should make it known instead of accepting the new assignment and trying to turn into superman.ASK THEM TO PLAN BETTERA sense of urgency might also be the result of poor planning. For instance, the person might have known that some task needed  to be done well in advance, yet they  wait till the last minute to assign the task accompanied by a “NEEDED URGENTLY” message.For  instance, I have a friend who works as a procurement officer. Her firm’s senior executives were relocating  and needed the new offices fitted with some new furnishings.Everyone within the firm knew that the executives were relocating within a month’s time.My friend was therefore surprised when the guy handling the relocation came to her a week before the relocation date, asking her to urgently procure some furnishings.The guy knew that new furnishings would be required a full month before but still waited till the last week before requesting for them to be procured ASAP.In this case, the sense of urgency was a result of poor planning. To avoid such situations, you should encourage your staff to plan better to avoid inconveniencing others with urgent demands.WRAPPING UPWhile it is important for businesses and employees to move fast, having an employee who thinks everything is urgent can be a recipe for disaster. Not only does moving so fast on everything create room for costly mistakes, requiring others to treat everything like an emergency also affects the morale of  the team  and leads to more important work being dropped as other employees focus on solving these fires.If you have such an employee who tends to think everything is urgent, the tips shared in this article will make it easier for you to manage them and mitigate the negative impacts of their unaddressed urgency.

Notes On Loss And Loss - 1013 Words

Loss is one of the most common experience that each of us share with all of mankind, no matter our age, where we live, what we do. Yet when severe loss occurs in anyone lives most of us feels awful and have no idea how to bring about our painful emotions and continue with our day to day lives (Wyatt, 2010). Loss is the experience of parting with object, person, belief, or relationship that one values. †¢ Losses are come across daily by everyone. †¢ Losses can be minor or major. †¢ The influence of loss depends upon the value the person placed on what was lost. There are two type of losses, 1. Tangible (Actual or physical): They are actual and easily acknowledged for e.g. Death, loss of body part, changes in physical health. 2. Intangible (perceived or psychological) losses are less obvious and may be tied to personal opinion such as one’s prestige, power, dreams, plans, security etc. Grief is the process of psychological or physiological response a person experience after a loss of valued person, object, belief or relationship. †¢ Losses leads to mourning – the period of time during which the grief is articulated. †¢ Bereavement is the period of grief following the death of the loved one. Everyone experiences grief as an individual and its impact depend upon the individual past experiences with loss, their culture, their coping skill, belief system, faith and life experiences. Normal grief response to loss: †¢ Immediate response following death is probably shock, numbness andShow MoreRelatedA Short Note On The Loss Of Myelin Essay1214 Words   |  5 Pageswire. Myelin allows a nerve to transmit its impulses rapidly. 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Is College Education Really Worth It - 1485 Words

Is a college education really worth it? A college education is definitely worth it, with a college degree, you will be given even more opportunities and benefits than you would as a high school dropout or even graduate! it will allow you to earn a more gainful amount of money than a high school dropout and graduate and even more than a 2 year college degree. Although if you are a 2 year college graduate or 4 year college graduate and studied in the field of mechanical engineering, graphic design, or even becoming an analytics manager then you would possibly be able to make more money than that who obtained a 8 year degree. College education also allows for more job opportunities than that of a dropout or high school graduate. People who†¦show more content†¦Secondly, gaining a college education will allow for more money to come into your pocket. It expands your horizon farther than that of a high school diploma and dropout to gain money. Those who gain some college, but no d egree earns a median pay of $756 a week with an unemployment rate of 4.4%. Associate’s degree earns a median pay of $819 a week with an unemployment rate of 3.6%. Bachelor’s degree earns a median pay of $1,156 a week with an unemployment rate of 2.7%. Master’s degree earn a median pay of $1,380 a week with an unemployment rate of 2.4%. Professional’s degree earns a median pay of $1,745 a week with an unemployment rate of 1.6%. And those with a doctoral degree make a median pay of $1,664 a week with an unemployment rate of 1.6%. So of course, gaining a college education will allow you to earn more substantial quantities of cash than that of who gains a high school diploma. Thirdly, even though college has it’s advantages, college also isn’t for everyone. College education is deemphasizing as a primary goal of education systems. In Rotherham’s article he says, â€Å"A recent report from Harvard Graduate School of Education proposed deemphasizing college as the primary goal of our education system in favor of ‘multiple pathways’ for students.† College isn’t the only way to be successful, there are many different pathways in life to be successful. In addition, even if you are not a college graduate, you could still be successful.Show MoreRelatedCollege Education Is All This Really Worth It?850 Words   |  4 Pagesyears in college, with that magic piece of paper clutched triumphantly in my fist, the best job I was able to get was night watchman on a sewer project in Babylon, N.Y. guarding a hole in the ground to prevent anyone from stealing it. God bless the American educational system!† ― Spid er Robinson (GoodReads.com). While many are excited about starting college and beginning a new chapter in their lives, too often the college freshman wonders â€Å"Is all this really worth it?†. Is a college education worthRead MoreIs A College Education Worth It?1443 Words   |  6 PagesMarch 2016 Is a College Education Worth It? Is the American dream just a dream?The worth of a college education is arguably one of the most controversial topics in the country. Over the years, the American education system seems to emphasize and underline the importance of college education. The reality of the situation is that a college education can be appreciated through looking at the statistical numbers of people that have enrolled in to college education. A college education is valued becauseRead MorePersuasive Essay1334 Words   |  6 PagesFatemah Karim Ms. Meyer AP English 11 February 22, 2013 Is it really worth going to college, owing hundreds of dollars in order to get a degree in a profession to become successful and experienced in the real world? Today, as tuition costs increase students are questioning whether college is fit for them or not. 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What Are The Most Lasting Effect On American Government

1. What are the legacies of the Marshall Court? Which decision do you think has had the most lasting effect on American Government? The Marshall Court has left numerous legacies in place in order to help establish this great nation. Chief Justice Marshall was a man that had many impacts on our Government from strengthening the authority of the Supreme Court in Marbury v. Madison, which gave the courts judicial review, to Gibbons v. Ogden, which gave the national government undeniable power over interstate commerce by ruling a New York steamboat monopoly invalid. There were many other cases as well that were important to the government’s growth; such as Fletcher v. Peck that made it where a state law can never overthrow anything that came against the Federal Constitution. Chief Justice Marshall presided over many cases and ruled over such cases in a way that he felt would benefit the ever growing American nation. 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Human Resource Planning and Staffing Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Human Resource Planning and Staffing. Answer: Background Information The process of determining the future employment requirements and the availability of the working employees and others externally hired to meet the requirements and executing the businesses strategies in an organization is called workforce planning (Chiba, 2017). This is the basis of staffing in many organizations, even in Cherns, since it aids in identifying and addressing the unforeseen challenges in the company when executing business strategies. The five steps in the process of workforce planning include the following: Identification of the strategies Explaining firms philosophies and decisions on staffing. Analyzing of the workforce. Developing and implementing action plans. These help address any gaps between labor supply and demand forecasts. The strategies should go hand in hand with the philosophies of the firms talents. They will include recruiting, compensation, retention, management of succession, training as well as development Monitoring, evaluating and revising of the action plans. The first three steps have been extensively discussed and we will only discuss the last two steps. Overview of Forecasting The ideal business forecasting demands that an organization should identify its key operational factors (Teigen, 2015). This operational factors includes the forecasting of information to compile complete and accurate data in real time. The above steps will improve Cherns ability to make forecast that are accurate about the needs of the staff. According to (Ravazzolo, 2015), the time line for forecasting any business activity will be most essential in the organization and will depend on whether the industry that organization operates is either predictable having a relatively stable environment of between five to ten years forecasting period or has an unstable, dynamic environment of 6 to 12 months period of forecasting. For Cherns its period of forecasting lies within a range of 3 years. These forecast are just dynamic estimates hence should always be revisited and an update done regularly (Chiba, 2017). Since these forecasts are sometimes uncertain, Cherns should develop estimates as ranges that will provide low, probable and high estimates as well as recalculating the estimates as adjustments can happen anytime within the business environment as well as the expectation or the assumption of the firm can change. The specifics of forecasting A firm should be able to predict its labor supply and demand and also locate any reliable, standard sources of information both inside and outside the firm to predict the business operations. Some of the business operation forecasts will include rates of interest, currency exchange rates, competitors, seasonal operations and many others. Forecasting Labor Demand When doing this forecast it is essential to look at the minimal and the optimal levels of staffing to analyze the demand for labor. The demand for labor at Cherns will depend on the forecasted business activity and the needs of the business, that depend on the strategies of the business (Belhaj, 2013). The needs of any business will include the following: achieving the levels of staffing that will help generate a certain amount of revenue at a certain time interval, increasing this levels of staffing to enhance a growth strategy, decreasing this levels of staffing when restructuring the firm or obtaining new skilled talents essential in the creation of new products or services (Ferreira, 2016). Some of the ways that help forecast demand for labor include scatter plots, ratio analysis, trend analysis, and ROI analysis. Forecasting Labor Supply To ensure strategic and good staffing then a firm will have to be keen on their markets for labor. This is crucial for Cherns so as to maintain its competitiveness in the market. During formulation of business strategies then a firm will have to acquire adequate information on the quality and number of employees required in that organization (Apichatibutarapong, 2015). So it will be vital for any company even Cherns to have an appropriate estimate of the available talents for its topmost positions before even coming up with strategies that depend on its talents. In order to forecast the accurate labor supply, Cherns should be able to combine its current levels of staffing and the anticipated gains or losses. This will help give an estimate of the target position for a given time point (Apichatibutarapong, 2015). The losses or gains anticipated in the firm will be looked upon by identifying the data on previous operations, and estimations of future adjustments. All these estimates are affected by the firms internal and external labor market which includes people not working for the firm. To forecast the firms internal labor market, the organization will need to estimate the levels of competency and the employees number at the end of the period of forecasting (Ahokas, 2016). Additionally, it will need to forecast the talent resources, minus the anticipated losses from the employees at the start of the period of forecasting. These losses are as a result of factors such as demotions, promotions, retirements, transfers, and resignations. Any gains that are anticipated will be added. The gains may be from the promotions, transfers among others (Rachid Belhaj, 2013). Various methods are available to help forecast the internal labor market and this include employee surveys, talent inventories, replacement charts as well as the judgments from management. I have made a well description of one very vital method called the transition analysis in this paper. Transitional Analysis Transition analysis refers to a method that is applied to scrutinize the labor markets and predict the internal supply of labor. This technique is quite simple and also very effective in making analysis of the internal markets of labor in an organization. This is very essential, not only in planning of the workforce but also in answering of the questions posed by recruits about the paths of promotions and the promotion likelihood (Chiba, 2017). It also helps predict the employees currently working and are likely to be employed at some point in different positions. Nevertheless, this analysis is best for a limited number of jobs for easy interpretation. The below matrix I have developed will help Cherns to see its predicted employees for the next year. Resolving of the gaps in the labor supply To address efficiently the existing gap between the required number of employees and the current number of employees, the company will be required to design an action plan. This action plan will address efficiently the forecasted surplus or shortage of employees (Ahokas, 2016). In addition, understanding whether a surplus or shortage of applicants is as a result of temporary factors or just a reflected trend likely to go on is also vital since different strategies in staffing are essential. As clearly shown in the transition matrix, Cherns have excess employees. One essential solution to this will be transferring employees to new locations that the company has planned within its five years (Belhaj, 2013). Most of those employees should be transferred to the fifteen stores that this firm plans to open every year. This transfer will enhance increased revenues. These will lower the costs of staffing since new few employees will be required to fill these stores. Additionally, Cherns will also be able to retain its skilled talents contributing to the companys growth. Nonetheless, if this does not happen then Cherns does not have other solutions at its hands whether these surpluses are permanent or temporary. Temporary Surpluses of Employees This happens when a company faces a temporary slowdown. If this occurs each and every time, then the company will need to employ some temporary workers that it can easily retrench when the business operations are slow (Ahokas, 2016). This will help the permanent employees and provide them with job security. Another options are doing layoffs but this should be temporary and need to last for periods more than 6 months to be economical since there will be additional costs of rehiring and retraining. Permanent Surpluses of Employees In this case Cherns should consider implementing permanent laying off of employees, no employing of employees to feel the vacated positions, implement early incentives on retirement, and other methods. These methods could cost the firm. Early retirement of some employees will cause the firm to lose the skilled employees. Layoffs will hurt the workforce as well as damage the firms reputation (Chiba, 2017). Some of the unfilled positions will make the organization departments understaffed. Action plans will be essential to address this surplus and should involve reassigning of employees, steering employees away from the jobs in that position. However, Cherns is also facing high deficit in the full-time sales associate positions, that should be well assessed to maintain the firms competiveness. On the matrix above, Cherns will need to employ at least sixty employees to reach its goal of employing a hundred and forty full-time employees. Also, it needs to have at least 1778 applicants in order to recruit employees to overcome the deficit (Belhaj, 2013). The calculation was based on the previous recruiting data. To determine this number then it is essential to look at the previous yields in staffing as well as the yields in hiring. Based on the above the following chart was developed: Based on the attached documents it can be clearly shown that this shortage is likely to be temporary (Belhaj, 2013). This is because the employment changes anticipated to occur between now and ten years at the current state which this principal store is located almost corresponds the employment changes of the entire nation. When assessing this shortage. It is vital that hiring in this case is reduced since it costs the organization more money. Furthermore, expensive recruiting methods like using of search firms or lowering the standards will not always work in this method. The expensive methods of recruiting employees will always drain the budget of recruiting and not even realize the goal in recruiting (Statistics Norway, 2016). Nonetheless, other methods can still be used to realize the 140 target number of employees. This will include offering of new incentives on hiring such as bonuses on the sign-on as well as bonuses on retention. Persistent Talent Shortage Based on the findings and the conditions above, a shortage of employees may occur and even last for a longer period as per the preferences of consumers (Ahokas, 2016). For Cherns to maintain its competiveness capability in the market then it needs to decrease its demand for the talents and increase its technology innovation and also redesign jobs so that different people with the required talents are only required (Bjrnstad, 2010). Cherns may also increase its supply of the required qualifications since this is more practical and faster. Conclusion I hope that this paper has the required information as per the Cherns staffing needs and its planning in the work force. I am optimistic that this information will be essential in forecasting your business activities. Similarly, it will inform you on the demand and supply for the employees inside and outside the environment of your business. I also hope that all the assessments of any gaps are also efficient in the assessment of your businesses. Recommendations Cherns should continuously and systematically identify the talents of each candidate. Secondly, the company should also build the capacity of its current program. Also it is of utmost significance for the organization to put into consideration succession management, and to treat it as a progressive process. Finally, there is need for the company to ensure that it assesses the competencies of each applicant so as to come up with suiting training programs. References Apichatibutarapong, S. (2015). Business Forecasting Technique on Mobile Devices by Using R - Programming. Suan Sunandha: Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, . Francesco Ravazzolo, a. L. (2015). Forecasting GDP with global components. This time is different. Norway: Norwegian Business School. Karl Halvor Teigen, a. S. (2015). Forecasting forecasts: The trend effect. Judgment and Decision Making, 416428. Jussi Ahokas, J. H. (2016). Forecasting Demand for Labour and Skills with an AGE-model in Finland. Finland: Government Institute for Economic Research. Rachid Belhaj, a. M. (2013). A Markov Model for Human Resources Supply Forecast Dividing the HR System into Subgroups. Journal of Service Science and Management, 211-217 . Kris Johnson Ferreira, B. H.-L. (2016). Analytics for an Online Retailer: Demand Forecasting and Price Optimization. Harvard: Harvard Business Schoo. Roger Bjrnstad, M. L. (2010). Demand and supply of labor by education towards 2030 . OsloKongsvinger. Statistics Norway. (2016). Education-specific labour force and demand in Norway in times of transition. Oslo - Kongsvinger: Statistics Norway. Tomoaki Chiba, H. H. (2017). Time-Varying Transition Probability Matrix Estimation and Its Application to Brand Share Analysis. Plos One.

Balanced Scorecard Case free essay sample

o Read and analyze Case 3, The Coors Case Balanced Scorecard, at the Institute of Management Accountants Web Link located in Week Threes learning materials. In your Learning Team, answer the six questions at the end of the case: o Link the Coors vision statement to Coorss key business strategies or six planks. Are there any gaps? o Link the Coors Operation and Technology (OT) department vision statement to the OT strategies or supply chain guiding principles. Are there any gaps? o Provide possible explanations for the performance gaps identified by Coors benchmarking analysis. o Answer the frequently asked question (FAQs) already raised by employees about the Coors BSC project. o Considering the prior gap and benchmarking analyses, design specific performance measures with benchmarked targets, where feasible, and reporting frequency to create an operational and acceptable BSC for Coors. o Perform an economic value-added (EVA) analysis to assess its potential as a BSC financial performance measure for Coors. We will write a custom essay sample on Balanced Scorecard Case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page o Write a paper in which you incorporate your findings from the case questions and address the following: o What were the companys objectives in implementing the Balanced Scorecard? What problems was the company trying to address? o Describe the implementation plan and process. How was implementation affected by the company characteristics such as culture, competitive environment, management style, or capabilities? Identify at least three company characteristics that affect the plan. o What issues were encountered? How is the company addressing implementation difficulties or concerns? o Do you think the company will be successful? What changes might you make to improve on the companys actions or intended actions? Suggest at least three recommendations to management. o Format your paper according to APA standards.

Impact of plastics on the environment

Impact of plastics on the environment Many people are exposed to dangers associated with plastic production every day. Wastes resulting from plastics products find their way into water bodies where they act as transport means for microorganisms which end up in marine habitats such as seas causing infections to organisms living in water.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of plastics on the environment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When plastic degrades, it produces plastic dust which causes pollution to aquatic animals. In addition, this dust causes contamination of human consumer goods especially food products posing a great threat to human health. Aquatic animals that feed on fish may mistake plastics for jellyfish and consume them and this may lead to death of such animals. In other cases, plastics that have been disposed in landfills may cause leaching of chemicals which end up in water bodies causing contamination (Uciha, 2010, p. 1). Imprope r disposal of plastics may have physical impacts on birds where they entangle them to death. The entangled birds may as well be deposited in water bodies alongside the plastics during which they may chock the fish. Impact of mercury on the environment Mercury is one of the most important life threatening chemicals to humans. Mercury exists in many products especially scientific ones. When released through degradation, it is referred to as methylmercury and finds its way into water bodies from where it is ingested by man (Uciha, 2010, p. 1). It has adverse effects such as reducing the capability of the human immune system and affecting the normal functioning of human enzymes, genes and the nervous system. Animals that feed on fish are also affected in a similar manner. However, mercury resulting from broken thermometers is not as much toxic although it may cause gingivitis to those who inhale it. Impact of natural gas and oil production on the environment Extraction of oil produces t oxic substances that may be lethal to aquatic life. Humans may also suffer cardiovascular problems due to such toxic substances. Pathways of photosynthesis may as well be blocked especially where dynamite is being used for extraction, leading to low production of food (Uciha, 2010, p. 1). Reference List Uciha, A. (2010). Environmental impact. Web.Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

Philosophy paper option Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Philosophy paper option - Essay Example However, this philosophy has been dynamic from century to century, as scholars from different backgrounds tackle the philosophical commentaries in other rational approaches. Chan explains that it is simple and easy to change with the ethical philosophies in line with the system of development and abandonment of legalism. Confucianism led to absorption of many challenges emanating from doctrines of Buddhism (Rahula, 1974). As a result, the intellectual life dominated and formed Neo-Confucianism. In the â€Å"source book in Chinese philosophy† book there is an attempt to make people in the west understand the culture of Asian people as well as their philosophy. This book explains more on the Chinese philosophy as written by great scholars in the Chinese era. This enables the author to bring a balance between the ancient, modern as well as medieval times. In addition to this, he explains about the different kinds of periods that existed in Chinese history with examples of Taoism, Confucianism and also Buddhism (Chan, 1969). Most of the history regarding Chinese philosophy had features of cultural as well as intellectual developments. Philosophy of Change There exist several ties between the mentioned origins command in the Chinese philosophy and the countries aboard. ... Moral cultivation depended fully on neo-Confucianism of which was keystone in milestones of progression. The characters of wealthy, powerful and authoritative human compares identically with the heavens reach from earths. The brilliance of the sun can well demonstrate the effectiveness of such a man feared by both the living people of the history of China’s philosophy as well as the modern neo-Confucianism and communism in regards to philosophical contexts (Chan, 1969). The relationship between modern philosophy by western philosophy and Chinese, India, Persia and other European countries is very Socratic. This is because most philosophers dealt with the supernatural and mythological underlying of concepts. They also involved metaphysics where they believed fire and water were infinite and boundless in touch and feel. This give them a green right to compose materials on the ways of nature and its relation to supernatural testimonials by time lapse (Nishida, 1992). With the ris e scholars, the ethical structures and seriousness to enlighten or rather straighten the spiritual life and internal righteousness to mould up the external uprightness. Change has come upon in the diverse understanding of philosophy in that philosophers and people all round believed the heaven to be high while the earth to be low. Therefore, they give them a credit of honorable place and humble states in the both places according to ones ethical uprightness. Tranquility was held with constancy as strengthening phenomenon of transformation of earth creatures. These were well classified according to good fortunes and bad fortunes to the natives where good fortunes originated from the heavens while bad fortunes originated from bad and evil people who

International business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

International business - Essay Example nalysis will seek to draw a level of definition to each and state the ways and means by which they are both separate yet at the same time intricately related. With relation to international business, this is an activity that takes place on what can be understood as a micro level. In this sense, key players within the private sector engage in exchange of goods and services which directly mirror the same process that occurs on a national and/or domestic level. In this way, one can understand that role that individuals, managers and other shareholders hold within this level of transaction as being the most important; with the roles of politicians only being tangential or secondary as long as no barriers to exchange exist (Buckley 2009, p. 330). With relation to the term international trade, this encompasses the activities that have previously been discussed within the preceding paragraph detailing international business activities. For this reason, the international trade definition is something of a catch all definition which all of the activities of international business and the tangential and related aspects thereof are included. Moreover, when one discusses the term international trade, there is a level of emphasis that must necessarily placed on the role that politicians play with regards to regulating the flow of trade between two or more countries (Rasche 2012, p. 681). Although this same type of regulation is exhibited within international business, the term international trade necessarily implies a more macro view of the system as opposed to one that is purely focused upon a more micro approach. The fact of the matter remains that trade and international business are in effect two sides of the same coin. Regardless of the level of differentiation that can ultimately be discerned, the true differentiation that is most recognizable is the involvement of the key players within the process. Due to the more macro view of international trade, the level

Various Aspects Of Integrated Logistics Economics Essay

Various Aspects Of Integrated Logistics Economics Essay A New Zealand entrepreneur is planning to launch a business in Western Europe; Japan; China and CIS/Eastern Europe and they have appointed you as a consultant to advice on opportunities and challenges facing firms seeking to perform logistics activities in the above mentioned countries. (Your answer should not exceed 1500 words) Global Logistics Opportunities and Challenges Western Europe consists of United Kingdom, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, Germany, Italy, Ireland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Austria, Switzerland, Portugal, Spain, Greece, Malta and microstates of Vatican City, San Marino, Monaco, Andorra and Liechtenstein. Western Europe is considered as major contributor of the European economy. Its determining characteristics are common currency, tax equalization, political homogenization and standards homogenization. Logistically speaking Western European markets offer a great opportunity for exploiting economies of the scale and size in moving goods throughout the Europe opting from a number of transportation modes. European transport networks have grown because of deregulation of transportation; shipments, optimal route and plan scheduling, and the development of national services. The number of long-distance transports has grown significantly with the largest share of freight transports as road transports. The preferred mode s of transportation in the area are roads and rails, closely followed by sea freight. In addition, the Chunnel links the UK with the rest of Europe reducing the transportation cost to a great extent. Figure 1: Logistics Hubs in Western Europe Source: (DHL Discover Logistics, n.d.-a) The logistics systems in Western Europe are characterized more by political change associated with EU enlargement than by geographic features. In Western Europe transport, storage, packaging and administrative jobs are becoming noticeably more efficient due to uniform regulations. The transport networks are very well developed but average shipping distances have grown principally in the wake of the European Unions enlargement. Outsourcing activities are increasingly affecting logistics in Western Europe because companies no longer consider logistics to be a core business. Instead, larger distribution networks are developing at a rapid pace. Global firms prefer vertical integration and go for direct marketing and distribution in order to reduce inventory and total logistics costs. The changes in the logistics sector have generated challenges of increased efficiency in shipping, packaging and labelling. Here, the reduction of customs processing plays a critical role. In addition, techn ological improvements throughout Europe are almost uniform and not just clustered in individual countries. As a result, order processing, inventory management, warehousing and IT technology are being further centralized. In nutshell, the competitive situation in Western Europe is intense as compared to the rest of Europe. Japan Japan has evolved into an economic powerhouse of Asia and created a highly developed logistics system in spite of challenging geographic conditions. On one hand, such a system is necessary to offset the Japanese islands lack of raw materials. On the other hand, it is the foundation for expanding the positive growth of the export nation. The countrys main manufacturing and therefore, logistics hub lies in a triangle around the cities of Tokyo, Nagoya and Osaka on the island of Honshu. Air transport, in particular, plays an important role here. The most important means of freight transport in Japan are road transports and coastal shipping. Almost ninety percent of the transport is carried by trucks. The role of rail transports is almost non-existent. But this could change in the years ahead. A portion of sea freight has been shifted to air transport in recent years. As a result of this shift, international air transports on trans-Pacific routes have climbed tremendously. Compared with other industrial countries, Japans distribution system is very complex and inefficient leading to high distribution costs. Most aspects of goods distribution in Figure 2: Logistics Hubs in Japan Source: (DHL Discover Logistics, n.d.-b) Japan is tightly regulated by the government. Joint distribution is typical; competitors who make deliveries to the same businesses tend to use joint delivery capacities and trucks. The logistics market in Japan is opening up to international service providers which are already successfully competing against Japanese companies in areas such as storage, distribution and complex contract logistics. The major logistics challenge is traffic congestion in metropolitan areas around the industrial hub. Just-in-time systems require small and frequent shipments to meet customer requirements. The distribution system in Japanese market is characterised by non-store channels, carrying least inventory. It is helpful in introducing new products through mail order, catalogue sales, and tele-shopping. Shared distribution system is common among competitors. Uniform palletization is used to avoid complicacy in operations. China Chinas logistics market is opening up gradually to the outside world. Logistics enterprises are reorganizing and integrating in the competitive environment. It is more and more obvious that state owned, private owned and foreign funded enterprises are surviving and thriving in the competitive markets. With the increasing demand of logistics, the logistics service for enterprises is changing from low value fundamental services to the high value added services. Logistics infrastructure, integrated logistics, traffic and transportation, and delivery services provide huge investment opportunities. However, the related risks must be put into account, and firms should be cautious when choosing investment projects. Figure 3: Logistics Hubs in China Source: (DHL Discover Logistics, n.d.-c) In some parts of China, due to advancement in technology, the road network now approaches Western standards. Modern freeways have been built in the Pearl River delta as well as in Shanghai and Beijing. Parts of this network extend far into the countrys interior but the standards and quality of the road drops as we move away from the cities particularly in the areas located away from the metropolitan areas. As a result of the underdeveloped infrastructure outside the metropolitan areas, logistics costs are high in an international context. In comparison to other means of transport, the rail network is almost inappropriate for logistics operations due to poorly built rail lines. For example, a container takes five days to journey by train from Hong Kong to Shanghai (DHL Discover Logistics, n.d.-c). A transport by ship takes about the same amount of time, but is much cheaper. Rail transports play a major role only in the shipment of bulk cargo like coal or iron ore. As a result, rail tr ansports are not particularly attractive to international companies for general logistics operations. The key challenges for the Chinese logistics industry are: Poor infrastructure: insufficient integration of transport networks, information technology (IT), warehousing and distribution facilities. Regulation: exist at different tiers, imposed by national, regional and local authorities and often differ from city to city, hindering the creation of national networks. Bureaucracy and Culture: companies need to build links with political agents at various levels. Moreover, it is difficult to repatriate profits back to home country. Poor training: in logistics sector and the manufacturing and retailing sectors, both at a practical level, i.e., IT, transportation and warehouse as well as at a higher strategic level. Information and communications technology: lack of IT standards and poor systems integration and equipment. At a very basic level, there is no consistent supply of energy. Undeveloped domestic industry: logistics sector is fragmented and dominated by commoditized and low quality transport and warehousing, unable to meet the growing supply chain demands for industrial and commercial enterprises. High transport costs: almost 50% more than Japan, Europe and North America, mainly due to high tolls on roads. Logistics costs (including warehousing, distribution, inventory holding, order processing, etc.) are estimated to be two to three times the normal. Poor warehousing and storage: high losses, damage and deterioration of stock, especially in the perishables sector. Regional imbalance: of goods flows from the developed east of the country to the more undeveloped west leading to higher costs for haulage companies which are then passed on to their clients. Domestic trade barriers: besides lowered trade barriers such as tariffs and quotas for international shipments, there are still problems such as unofficial border tolls from an inland manufacturing location to a port city or vice versa. Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and Eastern Europe Four out of fifteen former Soviet Republics belong to CIS are in Europe: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and Moldova. Eastern Europe is made up of Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia, Macedonia, Albania, and the Baltic states of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. The countries of Eastern Europe occupy a strategically central position on the continent and are located at Western Europes interface with Russia. As a result of the European Unions enlargement to the east, they are increasingly serving as a bridge. As a result, many manufacturing companies have moved their production facilities to Eastern Europe for cost reasons. Logistics service providers entered either following these companies or to exploit the new markets by carrying out mergers or acquisitions. The opportunities for the companies interested in entering these markets vary significantly from country to country. Although, these countries have relatively well developed transport ne tworks but they do not meet western European standards. Despite the rapid growth of road transports, railroads remain the dominant means of transport. Figure 4: Logistics Hubs in Eastern Europe Source: (DHL Discover Logistics, n.d.-d) The Eastern European logistics market is characterized by wide regional differences. While the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Hungary and Poland have made major strides, Romania, Bulgaria and Croatia are trailing far behind. The infrastructure is in even worse shape farther to the east. The road-based freight transports have limited ability to meet the demands of European industry in a cost effective manner. The causes of these limitations include traffic jams, the limited potential for expanding network capacity, rising energy costs and growing intermodal competition from railways. Eastern European harbours, particularly the major sea ports in Poland, perform a significant amount of trans-shipping and are being increasingly expanded. The European Unions enlargement and the increasing transport volumes have resulted in intensified storage and distribution activities in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. One of the major challenges is to overcome the barriers that exist between Eastern and Western Europe, including the transport infrastructure. Further, they would like you to advice them on several strategies available to them to enter the above mentioned markets. Discuss all available strategies and give your specific recommendations. (Your answer should not exceed 1500 words) Foreign Market Entry Strategies Foreign market entry strategies are mainly categorized into: Indirect exporting Direct exporting Manufacturing strategies Cooperative strategies Risk and Control in Market Entry Control Risk Risk Indirect Exporting Piggybacking Trading Companies Export Management Companies Domestic Purchasing Cooperative Strategies Joint Ventures Strategic Alliances Direct Exporting Distributors Agents Direct Marketing Franchising Management Contracts Manufacturing Own Subsidiary Acquisition AssemblyFigure 1: Foreign Market Entry Strategies Source: (Doole Lowe, 2001, p.249) Indirect Exporting Piggybacking An established international distribution network of one manufacturer may be used to carry the products of a second company without such a network. The second manufacturer is said to be piggybacking on the first in these cases. The first company has an established reputation and contacts in an international environment. It handles the logistics and administration costs of exporting for the second manufacturer. Piggybacking can offer many advantages to firms; such as cheaper and quick access to new markets, an established knowledge base of the foreign markets and economies of scale with regards to administration, shipping, marketing and distribution. Piggybacking may lead to unsatisfactory marketing arrangements such as lack of strategic fit, providing technical support, and after sales services for buyers potentially leading to disagreement. This method of exporting too is not ideal for building a long-term foreign market presence. Trading Companies A trading company trades on its own account. It performs many functions as; buying and selling as a merchant, handling goods on consignment, or it may act as a commission house for some buyers. Trading companies match sellers with buyers and manage all the supportive functions such as export arrangements, paperwork, transportation, and legislative requirements. Firms initially choose this mode, because of TCs extensive contacts, experience, operations and long-term commercial relationships in many different trading regions in the world. After some experience in the international market, exporting firms want more control over decision making, so TCs are not their long-term partners. Export Management Companies Export Management Companies are specialist companies that act as export department for a number of companies. They provide companies with access to foreign buyers, take orders from those foreign buyers, purchase finished products, and handle the transporting and distribution of the goods in the foreign market. Their core competency is in export logistics and deals with the necessary documentation and extensive knowledge of purchasing practices and government regulations in the foreign markets. This is a less risky and fast penetration strategy suitable for new entrants in the international market in the short-term. Disadvantages of EMCs include; export strategy conflict among both parties, lack of manufacturers control over foreign market decisions and market knowledge. Due to expertise in exporting, the EMC has complete control over all foreign market decisions. In addition, EMC may even export products that are in direct competition with each other. Therefore, manufacturers need to devote resources to monitoring the performance of an EMC and invest in managing the business relationship. As the manufacturers revenue from exporting increases, moving away from the EMC or eliminating EMCs from the business may prove harmful due to lack of foreign buyer contacts or market knowledge or because of contractual agreements. Domestic Purchasing Domestic purchasing is a method of market entry which involves the least company involvement. This export method often involves an unsolicited purchase request from a foreign commercial buyer. The company may not even have considered the export potential of their products until approached from the foreign buyer. In general, companies can use this method to sell off excess stock with the least inconvenience. It generates a relatively low level of revenue and the company is completely dependent on the foreign buyer. The company gains limited knowledge of the international markets, as it has no direct contact with them. The foreign buyer often picks up the goods at the factory gates and proceeds to transport the goods, market them, and distribute them in one or more overseas market. Direct Exporting Distributors Export distributors differ from agents in that they take ownership and responsibility for the goods. Distributors usually take limited rights for the sales and servicing of a particular territory where they represent the manufacturer in all respects. The capital investment can be particularly high for a firm exporting goods requiring specialist handling. Due to this large investment both parties undertake to maintain a long-term relationship. Agents Export agents are usually individuals or firms operating in a foreign market, contracted by the firm, and paid a commission to obtain orders for the product. After entering into a contractual agreement, sales targets are usually agreed with agents by the firms. Agents are usually contracted to carry non-direct competing products therefore providing a lower exposure to risk. Although agents are the cheapest and quickest form of market entry, the long-term profitability is moderate to low with a short payback period. Agents can be beneficial to the company in that they have local market knowledge, established relationships and provide adequate feedback regarding further product or market development strategies. Agents do not owner goods which limits their motivation to improve performance. They can take the form of brokers, manufacturers representatives, managing agents and compradors performing specific functions (Cateora Graham, 2002). Direct Marketing Using database marketing tools such as mail order, telemarketing, media marketing, direct mail and the internet can be a useful technique to expand a firms customer base abroad. Usually, this market entry method is very useful when there are high barriers to entry exist in a foreign market or where markets have insufficient or underdeveloped distribution systems. Success using direct marketing can only be obtained if the standard product/service is customized to meet the personal needs of the target market in different markets. Issues of product promotion and privacy needed to be addressed when engaging in telemarketing, direct mail or Internet commerce. Franchising In franchising, the firm grants the legal right to use branding, trademarks and products, and transfers the method of operation to a third party (the franchisee) in return for a franchise fee. Franchising is less risky and less costly due to the nature of the agreement. The franchisee provides the local market knowledge, capital, time and resources needed to develop the franchise. The two types of franchise agreement used by franchising firms are that of a master franchise and licensing. A master franchise often operates a multi-unit franchising agreement or it may take the form of a trading company whereas in licensing the franchiser uses the property, trademark and intellectual rights for a royalty or fee. Management Contracts Management contracts usually involve selling the skills, expertise and knowledge of firms in an international context. The contracts undertaken are usually those for installing management operating and control systems and the training of local staff to take over when the contractors are finished (Doole Lowe, 2001). Manufacturing Strategies Own Subsidiary This form of market entry requires the maximum commitment in terms of management and resources and offers the fullest means of participating in a market. Before investing huge capital, the firm must evaluate the pros and cons of the business as the cost of withdrawing from the market would be significant. Although sole ownership provides high level of control, the firm may not only incur the costs if withdrawal is eminent but also the companys reputation can be damaged both in the foreign and domestic market. The advantage is of avoiding communication and conflict of interest problems which may occur through other methods like acquisitions and joint ventures. Acquisition Acquisition occurs where an organization develops its resources and competences by taking over another organization. It is a faster entry strategy in new product or market areas. A firm may acquire cost efficiencies, immediate access to a trained labour force, recognized brands, existing customer and supplier contacts, an immediate source of revenue and an established distribution network or otherwise as a result of acquisition. In return, the acquiring company may have to make certain sacrifices. Assembly Assembly involves establishing plants in foreign markets simply to assemble components manufactured in the domestic market by the firm. This method of market entry is attractive for certain companies when they see that the importation of components is subject to lower tariff barriers than assembled goods which eventually decrease their costs. Moreover, it can be more advantageous if the finished product is large and transportation costs are high. The domestic plant in addition, can focus on development and production skills and investment, hence, profiting from economies of scale. Assembly firms also take advantage of lower wage costs and government incentives. Cooperative Strategies Joint Ventures Joint venture (JV) is a market entry option in which the exporter and a domestic company in the target country join together to form a new incorporated company. Both parties provide equity and resources to the JV and share in the management, profits and losses. The JV should be limited to the life of a particular project. This option is popular in countries where there are restrictions on foreign ownership, e.g. China. Its advantages include; acquisition of competencies or skills not available in-house, risk sharing of a large project with other firms, faster market entry/penetration and payback, and avoiding technical trade barriers. Its disadvantages are; divided management control, difficult to recover capital invested, disagreement on new export markets, and different views of partners on expected benefits. Strategic Alliances Strategic alliances are a wide range of cooperative partnerships and joint ventures which unite to follow a set of important, agreed goals while in some way remaining independent subsequent to the formation of an alliance. The partners share both the benefits of the alliance and control over the performance of assigned tasks during the life of the alliance. The partners contribute on a regular basis in one or more key strategic areas, for example, technology or products. Strategic alliances are usually formed in three areas technology, manufacturing and marketing. The main reason behind strategic alliances is competition. Other reasons include; the reduction of risk, the attainment of economies of scale and complementary assets such as a brand name and government procurement. Firms, which employ strategic alliances, have the advantage of simultaneously penetrating several of their key markets. Specific Recommendations The decision of, which foreign market to enter, depends on firms external as well as internal factors and foreign countrys market conditions. The strategy to be adopted should be based on firms short and long-term corporate objectives. Initially, the firm should choose among direct or indirect exporting leading to cooperative and then manufacturing strategies. If exporting is a long-term goal of the firm, then indirect exporting methods may not prove to be the wisest strategic choice. In long-run, the firm has to trade off among costs and control over the decision making. Explain why it is usually more difficult for a firm to provide the same level of customer service in its international markets that it provides in its domestic markets. Under what circumstances may an organization actually be able to provide better customer service to international markets than to domestic markets? (Your answer should not exceed 1250 words) Customer Service When a firm becomes extensively involved in international business, logistics is seen as a critical part of the strategic planning process and a deterministic factor of customer service level. The complexity of the international business environment, including different business customs, inadequate/inappropriate transportation infrastructure, restrictive regulatory frameworks, and different levels of logistics services, presents barriers that make operations in foreign countries far more complicated and less controllable than in domestic markets. Generally, existing or emerging barriers result in longer order cycle times, higher logistics costs, and greater customer dissatisfaction. The customer service level chosen for use internationally is based on expectations encountered in each market. These expectations are dependent on past performance, product desirability; customer sophistication, and the competitive status of the firm and industry. Therefore, additional logistics costs are required to support operations which may be so important that, if not handled properly, they may offset any potential cost savings from using inexpensive labor and other resources in foreign countries. The need for cost-service trade-off analysis becomes inevitable for the managers in such an indifferent situation. Under these circumstances, logistics barriers obviously make it difficult for firms to gain a competitive advantage from their international operations. Table 1 summarizes the firms major external factors affecting its logistic performance (and therefore, customer service) at domestic and global level. It also depicts how difficult it becomes for the firms to provide same level of customer service at international level. Another major external (and therefore, uncontrollable) factor which has made international logistics more vulnerable and complex is security risks after 9/11 terrorist attacks. As a result security clearance procedures have lengthened and transit times of shipments have extended. Insurance rates for cross-border shipments have also climbed. Some factors internal (and therefore, controllable) to the firm, for example, centralized logistics activities, do not make the customer service work best, as it can be under local control in foreign market. Financial aspects such as working capital, inventory, capital investments in buildings and equipments, and accommodation of merchandise are also difficult to manage in the cas e of international operations. The managerial capability of logistics management in deciding optimal cost-service mix plays a major role in determining the customer level. Table 1: External Factors Affecting Customer Service Level Factors Domestic Conditions Global Conditions Culture Homogeneous Heterogeneous Currency Uniform Different currency and exchange rates Economy Stable and uniform May be variable and unpredictable Government Stable May be unstable Labor Skilled workers available Skilled workers may be hard to find Language Generally a single language Different languages and dialects Marketing Many media, few restrictions May be fewer media and more restrictions Transport Several competitive modes May be inadequate Source: (Marilyn Gale, 2006) In order to establish an efficient logistics system to support international operations, especially customer service, a firm should be able to evaluate when and where logistics barriers may disrupt materials flows in the distribution channel. The identification of barriers is important in designing an effective international operations network. A better understanding of those barriers enables a firm to take actions to reduce or avoid them so that it can improve its competitive position in international markets. The firms entering in the international market should obtain as much as possible information about the business conditions and operating expenses of potential markets. As the customer service levels and hence the cost incurred, vary between countries, the firm must examine the service requirements of customers in each foreign market. A flexible and responsive global customer service strategy is based on inventory policy and control procedures, packaging and containerization, sourcing raw materials, managing export shipments and terms of trade. International logistics is characterized by inventory points at more levels between suppliers and customers making it much complicated than at domestic level, leading to longer transportation times. Depending on the length of transit time and more inventory volume needed to cover the resultant delays, the firm can develop inventory policies and control procedures most appropriate for each market area. Another component of customer service is the products physical condition (must be in right condition). Packaging and containerization are important for product handling, climate effects, potential pilferage, communication and language differences, freight rates, and customs duties when a product moves across the borders. The quality of a product is determined by the quality of its raw materials. International sourcing may enable a firm to optimize products quality at lowest possible cost. The services of many facilitator organizations involved in international logistics activities are continuously utilized by almost all of the firms operating internationally. These organizations include export distributors, customs-house brokers, international freight forwarders, trading companies, and non-vessel-operating common carriers (NVOCC). These organizations are highly professionalized in performing their functions and operate at economies of the scale. A firm involved in exporting for the first time would likely utilize the services of a facilitator organization. There are a number of shipment modes/terms, each one of them having its own pros and cons. These terms of trade/shipment used in international logistics are Ex-Works, FCA, FAS, FOB, CFR, CIF, CPT, CIP, DAF, DES, DEQ, DDU and DDP. Terms of shipment have a major impact on a firms logistics performance as each of them yields a different cost of shipment and value to the customer. Finally, integrated logistics management (ILM) is the ultimate strategy to deal with the international customers efficiently. ILM integrates all the logistics activities; facility location and network design, information management, transportation management, inventory management, warehousing management, material handling, and packaging into a single activity or process of logistics directed towards servicing the customer effectively and at the lowest total cost of all the functional activities taken together. The methodology of integrated logistics conforms to the logistics objectives; getting the right item to the right customer, in the right quantity, in the right condition, at the right place, at the right time and at the right cost. Customer service level of a firm is the representation of managerial capability of its management team. A firms executive management is likely to use any or a combination of some or all of the above mentioned customer service strategies to deliver value